In 2005, Rubin tried to negotiate deals with Samsung[20] and HTC.[21] Shortly afterwards, Google acquired the company in July of that year for at least $50 million;[15][22] this was Google's "best deal ever" according to Google's then-vice president of corporate development, David Lawee, in 2010.[20] Android's key employees, including Rubin, Miner, Sears, and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition.[15] Not much was known about the secretive Android Inc. at the time, with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones.[15] At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system.[23] Google had "lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation".[attribution needed][24]
Android Magazine App Maker 2.3 C
On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC, Motorola and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint and T-Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop "the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices".[31][32][33] Within a year, the Open Handset Alliance faced two other open source competitors, the Symbian Foundation and the LiMo Foundation, the latter also developing a Linux-based mobile operating system like Google. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[34][35]
From 2008 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android at press conferences and Google I/O, Google's annual developer-focused conference. He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese phone maker Xiaomi.[43][44] Less than six months earlier, Google's then-CEO Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on new projects at Google, and that Sundar Pichai would become the new Android lead.[45][46] Pichai himself would eventually switch positions, becoming the new CEO of Google in August 2015 following the company's restructure into the Alphabet conglomerate,[47][48] making Hiroshi Lockheimer the new head of Android.[49][50]
In June 2014, Google announced Android One, a set of "hardware reference models" that would "allow [device makers] to easily create high-quality phones at low costs", designed for consumers in developing countries.[52][53][54] In September, Google announced the first set of Android One phones for release in India.[55][56] However, Recode reported in June 2015 that the project was "a disappointment", citing "reluctant consumers and manufacturing partners" and "misfires from the search company that has never quite cracked hardware".[57] Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced in August 2015,[58] with Africa announced as the next location for the program a week later.[59][60] A report from The Information in January 2017 stated that Google is expanding its low-cost Android One program into the United States, although The Verge notes that the company will presumably not produce the actual devices itself.[61][62] Google introduced the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones in October 2016, marketed as being the first phones made by Google,[63][64] and exclusively featured certain software features, such as the Google Assistant, before wider rollout.[65][66] The Pixel phones replaced the Nexus series,[67] with a new generation of Pixel phones launched in October 2017.[68]
HTC's then-executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates "unrealistic" in 2015, and Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures. In May 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up-to-date, including accelerated rates of security updates, rolling out technological workarounds, reducing requirements for phone testing, and ranking phone makers in an attempt to "shame" them into better behavior. As stated by Bloomberg: "As smartphones get more capable, complex and hackable, having the latest software work closely with the hardware is increasingly important". Hiroshi Lockheimer, the Android lead, admitted that "It's not an ideal situation", further commenting that the lack of updates is "the weakest link on security on Android". Wireless carriers were described in the report as the "most challenging discussions", due to their slow approval time while testing on their networks, despite some carriers, including Verizon Wireless and Sprint Corporation, already shortening their approval times. In a further effort for persuasion, Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners, and is considering making the list public.[when?] Mike Chan, co-founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer, said that "The best way to solve this problem is a massive re-architecture of the operating system", "or Google could invest in training manufacturers and carriers 'to be good Android citizens'".[182][183][184]
In May 2017, with the announcement of Android 8.0, Google introduced Project Treble, a major re-architect of the Android OS framework designed to make it easier, faster, and less costly for manufacturers to update devices to newer versions of Android. Project Treble separates the vendor implementation (device-specific, lower-level software written by silicon manufacturers) from the Android OS framework via a new "vendor interface". In Android 7.0 and earlier, no formal vendor interface exists, so device makers must update large portions of the Android code to move a device to a newer version of the operating system. With Treble, the new stable vendor interface provides access to the hardware-specific parts of Android, enabling device makers to deliver new Android releases simply by updating the Android OS framework, "without any additional work required from the silicon manufacturers."[185]
Android's kernel is based on the Linux kernel's long-term support (LTS) branches. As of 2023[update], Android uses versions 4.14, 4.19, 5.4, 5.10 or 5.15 of the Linux kernel (and since modified Linux kernels is used, Android names like android13-5.15 or android-4.19-stable are used).[189] The actual kernel depends on the individual device.[190]
The device codename is usually not visible to the end user, but is important for determining compatibility with modified Android versions. It is sometimes also mentioned in articles discussing a device, because it allows to distinguish different hardware variants of a device, even if the manufacturer offers them under the same name. The device codename is available to running applications under android.os.Build.DEVICE.[239]
The open and customizable nature of Android allows device makers to use it on other electronics as well, including laptops, netbooks,[473][474] and desktop computers,[475] cameras,[476] headphones,[477] home automation systems, game consoles,[478] media players,[479] satellites,[480] routers,[481] printers,[482] payment terminals,[483] automated teller machines,[484] and robots.[485] Additionally, Android has been installed and run on a variety of less-technical objects, including calculators,[486] single-board computers,[487] feature phones,[488] electronic dictionaries,[489] alarm clocks,[490] refrigerators,[491] landline telephones,[492] coffee machines,[493] bicycles,[494] and mirrors.[478]
Parrot unveiled an Android-based car stereo system known as Asteroid in 2011,[501] followed by a successor, the touchscreen-based Asteroid Smart, in 2012.[502] In 2013, Clarion released its own Android-based car stereo, the AX1.[503] In January 2014, at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Google announced the formation of the Open Automotive Alliance, a group including several major automobile makers (Audi, General Motors, Hyundai, and Honda) and Nvidia, which aims to produce Android-based in-car entertainment systems for automobiles, "[bringing] the best of Android into the automobile in a safe and seamless way."[504]
So you're thinking of creating a digital magazine. You probably have lots of questions about where to start, what software to use, how to distribute it, and more. This guide will touch on all of those points and highlight other factors you may not have thought of. After reading this, you'll be prepared to take the next step towards becoming a digital publisher.
Simply put, a digital magazine has many of the same characteristics as a print magazine but uses digital publishing technology so it can be consumed on an electronic device like a computer, tablet, or mobile phone.
There are plenty of advantages to using a digital magazine. Massive savings on printing costs and eco-friendliness are the most obvious. Depending on the technology used, digital magazines can also have aesthetic and functional benefits. For example, they may contain animations, hyperlinks, video, and other dynamic content.
You might be surprised to learn that the first digital magazines were produced in the 1980s! Diskzines (or diskmags) were magazines distributed on floppy disks via post and read on a computer. PCLife was one of the first to create magazines in this format. The magazine was an executable program that included music, animation, and various forms of multimedia.
Online magazines (or ezines, e-zines, eMagazines, webzines) are digital magazines that are hosted, distributed, and read online. While they share some characteristics with online newspapers and blogs, the editorial approach remains more like a traditional magazine.
Due to their low cost compared to print, online magazines can be seen as a disruptive technology. Many magazine publishers have created online editions of their magazines (referred to as a digital editions), or switched exclusively to digital formats. 2ff7e9595c
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